Dorsal blastoporal lip frog embryo3/10/2024 ![]() XTsg is a BMP-binding molecule that can form ternary complexes with full-length Chordin and BMP, thereby converting full-length Chordin into an even better BMP antagonist.Īfter Chordin is cleaved by Xolloid, xTsg displaces the binding of BMP to CRs, thereby promoting, rather than preventing, signalling through BMP receptors. The inhibition of BMP by Chordin can be reversed by the combined action of Xolloid, a zinc metalloprotease, and Twisted-gastrulation (xTsg). The organizer secretes a cocktail of growth factor antagonists such as Noggin, Chordin, Cerberus, Frzb-1 and Dkk-1, which further refine the pattern.Ĭhordin binds bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) through cysteine-rich modules, designated CRs. High Xnr levels lead to the induction of Spemann's organizer tissue in the overlying dorsal mesoderm. The inhibition of β-Catenin degradation in the dorsal side is the first step in a biochemical cascade that leads to dorsal development.Īt the blastula stage, a gradient of Nodal-related TGF-β factors (Xnrs) is formed in the endoderm, which induces both ventral and dorsal mesoderm. Transport of these cytoplasmic determinants is required for the differentiation of neural tissue, notochord, somite and kidney. Dorso-ventral asymmetry in the fertilized Xenopus egg starts when a set of parallel cortical microtubules transport small membrane vesicles, which bind Dishevelled protein on their cytoplasmic side, towards the dorsal aspect of the fertilized egg.
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